The pillars of cosmology: a short history and assessment     

Jeff Kanipe 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1995,227(1-2):109-118

Is the big bang model of the universe ascendant and unshakable, or declining and outdated? This paper cursorily explores the state of cosmology today.  相似文献   

Synchrotron emission model of RX J1856.5-3754     

Nino Chkheidze 《New Astronomy》2012,17(2):227-231

A plasma emission model is presented interpreting the observational properties of RX J1856.5-3754. In particular, on the basis of the Vlasov’s kinetic equation we study the process of the quasi-linear diffusion (QLD) developed by means of the cyclotron instability. This mechanism provides simultaneous generation of optical and X-ray emission on the light cylinder scales, in one location of the pulsar magnetosphere. It is assumed that the observed X-ray spectrum of this source is generated via the synchrotron mechanism. A different approach of the synchrotron theory is considered, giving a spectral energy distribution that is in a good agreement with the observational data.  相似文献   

武汉天河机场低能见度现象的气候特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

胡迪 《山西气象》2006,19(3):18-20

用5年滑动平均方法并用最小二乘法建立方程式,计算太阳辐射气候倾向率及日照气候倾向反映太阳辐射的45a变化趋势,用小波分析方法分析太阳总辐射的周期变化规律。结果表明,太原地区的年日照时数减少,年总辐射量呈显著减少趋势,有11a的周期变化,在1981年左右有突变。初步统计能见度低于10km次数在逐年增多。  相似文献   

辐射和积云对流过程对大气辐射通量的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李剑东  刘屹岷  孙治安  吴国雄 《气象学报》2009,67(3):355-369

基于中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的全球大气环流谱模式(SAMIL-R42L26),研究了澳大利亚气象局研究中心(BMRC)新辐射方案和新Zhang-McFaflane积云对流方案对大气辐射通量模拟的影响.新辐射方案相比原辐射方案在辐射计算光谱分辨率、气体吸收和计算效率等方面作了很多改进,其对大气辐射通量的模拟能力相应提高.在晴空条件下,大气顶出射长波、大气吸收短波和地表入射短波等与观测的偏差较原辐射方案明显减小,尤其是在对流活跃区域.在云天条件下大气辐射通量与观测的偏差也较原辐射方案减小,但其偏差依然较大,这与模式中积云对流参数化方案模拟能力不足引起的辐射通量偏差有关.为此,换用了新Zhang-McFarlane积云对流方案,其结果表明,对流活跃区水汽含量显著增加,原对流方案中偏强的"双赤道辐合带"现象明显减弱,赤道辐合带地区的大气辐射通量偏差有明显减小,在海洋地区晴空大气顶出射长波和地表入射短波的量值及空间分布均接近观测结果,同时大气顶全球平均能量收支的年变化和观测结果趋于一致,其中模拟的伞球年平均大气顶能量收支和观测的偏差不到0.6 W/m2.试验结果同时表明,在未来研究中引入气溶胶分布、调整相关的云物理和陆面过程等物理参数化方案是进一步提高SAMIL-R42L26辐射通最模拟性能的关键.  相似文献   

Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China          下载免费PDF全文

ZHOU Liantong 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(2):119-123

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.  相似文献   

Kinetic shear resistance,fluid pressures and radiation efficiency during seismic faulting   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Richard H. Sibson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1977,115(1-2):387-400

Summary During earthquake faulting, radiation efficiency and the degree stress relief are critically dependent on the kinetic shear resistance. This is often assumed to stay constant during slip, but geological evidence suggests that for moderate or large shallow earthquakes it may decrease dramatically to near-zero values once slip is initiated, either by melt formation or by transient increases in fluid pressure on the fault plane. The latter, probably more common process may arise partly through an interaction between temperature and water pressure, and partly through dilatancy recovery as shear stress is relieved. If the fault remains undrained, stress relief should be absolute with seismic efficiency reaching high values, so that stress drops give a measure of the level of tectonic shear stress in fault zones. Supporting evidence comes from the observation that apparent stress is generally about half the stress drop.  相似文献   

An application of Mie's series to soft particles     

A. Y. Perelman 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(6):1077-1088

Summary The scattering of electromagnetic radiation from soft particles has been studied by a new method which allows to transform the Mie series into a simplified form through the use of some auxiliary expansions derived in the Appendix of this article. This simplified form (eq. 1) converts into the Hulst and Rayleigh-Debye-Gans' formulae if the parameters of eq. I are properly restricted. A further simplified form (eq. II), improves the well-known Hulst approximation.  相似文献   

Circulating subbeam systemsand the physics of pulsar emission     

Joanna?M.?RankinEmail author  Geoffrey?A.?E.?Wright 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》2003,12(1):43-69

The purpose of this paper is to suggest how detailed single-pulse observations of slow radio pulsars may be utilized to construct an empirical model for their emission. It links the observational synthesis developed in a series of papers by Rankin in the 1980s and 90s to the more recent empirical feedback model of Wright (2003a) by regarding the entire pulsar magnetosphere as a non-steady, non-linear interactive system with a natural built-in delay. It is argued that the enhanced role of the outer gap in such a system indicates an evolutionary link to younger pulsars, in which this region is thought to be highly active, and that pulsar magnetospheres should no longer be seen as being driven by events on the neutron stars polar cap, but as having more in common with planetary magnetospheres and auroral phenomena.Received: 8 May 2003, Published online: 14 November 2003 Correspondence to: Joanna M. Rankin. On leave from: Physics Department, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA  相似文献   

1997/1998年青藏高原西部地区辐射平衡各分量变化特征   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

巩远发  段廷扬  陈隆勋  何金海 《气象学报》2005,63(2):225-235

利用中日亚洲季风机制研究计划1997年9月~1998年10月在青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河2个站点自动气象站辐射平衡的观测资料,分析了高原西部2个地区辐射平衡各分量在不同季节的季节平均日变化和年变化特征,并且还与1979年5~8月第一次青藏高原气象科学实验的辐射观测资料和1982,1983年青藏高原辐射平衡观测实验的结果进行了比较分析。结果发现:高原西部辐射平衡各分量的变化不仅有季节之间和年际的差异,高原西部的不同地区之间的变化也有较大的差异:(1)总辐射在春夏两季相差很小,改则春季(3~5月平均)日变化的极大值甚至比夏季(6~8月平均)还大;(2)地表反照率的年际变化及两地之间的差异均可能较大;(3)大气逆辐射日变化、年变化特征与其他辐射分量明显不同,其日变化、年变化的位相均晚于其他分量;(4)两地之间地面辐射平衡的年变化似乎有一个位相差,改则的月平均最大值和最小值均较狮泉河晚了约1个月,因此从冬季到夏季的大部分时间里,改则的地面辐射平衡是小于狮泉河的,而在从夏季到冬季的大部分时间里,改则是大于狮泉河的。  相似文献   

Neutron irradiation and post-irradiation annealing of rutile (TiO2−x ): effect on hydrogen incorporation and optical absorption     

Geoffrey David Bromiley  Andrei A. Shiryaev 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(6):426-434

Neutron irradiation and post-irradiation annealing under oxidising and reducing conditions have been used to investigate H incorporation in, and the optical properties of, reduced (TiO_2−x ) rutile. Optical absorption in rutile is mainly due to a Ti³⁺ Ti⁴⁺ intervalence charge transfer effect. The main mechanism for H incorporation in rutile involves interstitial H not coupled to other defects, which has important implications for the rate of H diffusion, and possibly also on the electrical properties of rutile. Additional minor OH absorption bands in IR spectra indicate that a small amount of interstitial H is coupled to defects such as Ti³⁺ on the main octahedral site, and indicates that more than one H incorporation mechanism may operate. Concentration of oxygen vacancies has a controlling influence on the H affinity of rutile.  相似文献